Knowledge List
单位基金资产净值

单位基金资产净值=(总资产-总负债)/基金单位总数

其中,总资产指基金拥有的所有资产,包括股票、债券、银行存款和其他有价证券等;总负债指基金运作及融资时所形成的负债,包括应付给他人的各项费用、应付资金利息等;基金单位总数是指当时发行在外的基金单位的总量。

按照公允价格计算基金资产的过程就是基金的估值,这是计算单位基金资产净值的关键。由于基金所拥有的股票、债券等资产的市场价格是变动的,所以必须于每个交易日对单位基金资产净值重新计算。封闭式基金净值每周至少公告一次,开放式基金每个交易日都公告净值。

其中估值方法十分重要。例如,基金所拥有的上市流通证券比如某只股票,是按其估值日在证券交易所挂牌的市价(平均价或收盘价)估值。按平均价估值,基金资产净值的变动受股票价格波动的影响要小一些。目前,封闭式基金和少数开放式基金按平均价估值,大多数开放式基金按收盘价估值。中国证监会日前颁布、2004年1月1日起施行的《证券投资基金信息披露编报规则--第2号〈基金净值表现的编制及披露〉》统一规定,封闭式基金按平均价估值,开放式基金按收盘价估值。

对于开放式基金而言,单位净值是其计价基础,即申购或赎回的价格取决于当日的基金单位净值(一般是次日公布),并加上或扣除相应的交易费用。封闭式基金由于发行规模有限,投资人对基金的需求与供给并不平衡,导致其交易价格高于或低于单位净值,称为溢价交易或折价交易。目前国内封闭式基金普遍处于折价交易状态,折价率约为20%。

例如,某只开放式基金上年末的单位净值为1元,本年末的单位净值为1.05元,则该基金在本年度的总回报为5%,计算方法为(1.05-1)/1=5%。

上述计算并没有考虑基金的分红情况和费用(申购费、赎回费、管理费、托管费等)。由于费用因素比较复杂,本文仅对考虑基金分红的总回报作进一步分析。

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