Knowledge List
什么是交易所交易基金

交易所交易基金是指可以在交易所上市交易的基金,又称ETFs(Exchang Traded Funds),其代表的是一揽子股票的投资组合。对于国内投资者而言,这还是陌生的新事物,因此我们仅就其一些基本特点进行介绍。

上个世纪80年代初,纽约证券交易所出现一种新技术,使得投资人可以通过下达单一的交易指令,一次性完成一个投资组合(例如某个指数的所有成分股股票)的买卖。这为交易所交易基金的产生提供了基础。

交易灵活成本低廉

该类基金之所以得到投资人的欢迎,关键在于其交易灵活和成本低廉的优势。

交易所交易基金有两种交易方式。一是投资人直接向基金公司申购和赎回。这有一定的数量限制,一般为5万个基金单位或者其整数倍;而且是一种以货代款的交易,即申购和赎回的时候,付出的或收回的不是现金而是一揽子股票组合。二是在交易所挂牌上市交易,以现金方式进行。与通常的开放式基金不同的是,交易所交易基金在交易日全天交易过程都可以进行买卖,就象买卖股票一样,还可以进行短线套利交易。因此,只有机构或者富有的个人大户才能直接向基金公司申购和赎回。对于普通个人投资者而言,只能采用第二种方式,通过经纪人在交易所进行买卖。

因为多属于被动式管理的指数化投资,所以交易所交易基金不需要负担庞大的投资和研究团队的支出,从而费用低廉,其管理费率甚至低于收费最低的指数共同基金。例如,SPDRs在2000年把管理费降低到每年0.12%。

采用被动式投资或指数化投资是交易所交易基金的特色,而且其选择的指数多是为投资人熟悉和广泛认同的指数。在美国,有紧贴标准普尔500的SPDRs,跟踪纳斯达克100的Qubes,等等。

指数化投资与套利机制

为什么选择指数化投资呢?其必须依靠套利机制来维持基金在交易所市场价格与资产净值之间的一致性,而套利者则需要关于基金投资组合全面而及时的信息。由于主动式投资的基金通常不可能经常披露其投资组合的信息,所以被动式的指数投资方式就成为首要的选择。

交易所交易基金的市场价格并不按照基金单位净值,而是取决于基金的供求关系,供求关系又受基金资产投资组合价值的驱动。此外,还有其他一些影响因素,所以基金的市场价格围绕单位净值上下波动。

值得注意的是,允许大型机构申购或赎回,从而形成的套利机制使基金的市场价格不致过于偏离单位净值。例如,当基金出现折价交易的时候,机构投资人会通过二级市场买入基金单位,然后赎回得到一揽子股票组合,再将股票出售获利。这种套利交易使得对折价交易基金的需求大量增加,从而缩小了基金市场价格与单位净值之间的差距。正是由于套利机制的存在,使得基金的市场价格与单位净值在大多时候是一致的。

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