Knowledge List
什么是债券型基金

债券基金是指专门投资于债券的基金。在国内,债券基金的投资对象主要是国债、金融债和企业债。通常,债券为投资人提供固定的回报和到期还本,风险低于股票,所以相比较股票基金,债券基金具有收益稳定、风险较低的特点。

要懂得如何选择债券基金,首先需要了解债券是什么。投资债券相当于贷款给债券的发行人,本金会在债券到期的时候偿还,同时会定期例如每半年得到利息收入。债券还有多长时间到期和发行人的还款能力,是债券投资最需关心的两个因素。

因此,影响债券基金业绩表现的两大因素,一是利率风险,即所投资的债券对利率变动的敏感程度(又称久期),二是信用风险。

在选择债券基金的时候,一定要了解其利率敏感程度和信用素质。在此基础上,才能了解基金的风险有多高,是否符合你的投资需求。晨星公司在评价债券基金投资风格的时候,重点关注的也是这两点。

利率敏感程度

债券价格的涨跌与利率的升降成反向关系。利率上升的时候,债券价格便下滑。要知道债券价格变化,从而知道债券基金的资产净值对于利率变动的敏感程度如何,可以用久期作为指标来衡量。

久期取决于债券的三大因素:到期期限,本金和利息支出的现金流,到期收益率。久期以年计算,但与债券的到期期限是不同的概念。借助这项指标,你可以了解到,所考察的基金由于利率的变动而获益或损失多少。

久期越长,债券基金的资产净值对利息的变动越敏感。假若某只债券基金的久期是5年,那么如果利率下降1个百分点,则基金的资产净值约增加5个百分点;反之,如果利率上涨1个百分点,则基金的资产净值要遭受5个百分点的损失。又如,有两只债券基金,久期分别为4年和2年,前者资产净值的波动幅度大约为后者的两倍。

信用素质

债券基金的信用素质取决于其所投资债券的信用等级。

以美国为例,美国政府发行的优质债券信用等级为AAA,信用不稳定的公司发行的高息垃圾债券评级为BB或者更低。债券的信用等级,可参考评级机构对发行人偿债能力的评价。穆迪和标准普尔等评级机构在仔细审阅发行人的财务资料后,会判定其债券究竟是"良币"还是"劣币"。

AAA代表最高的信用等级,而D代表最差的信用等级。评级为AAA、AA、A和BBB的债券都属于投资级债券,发行人被认为具有还本付息能力。评级BB、B、CCC、CC和C的债券属于非投资级债券,也是高利息债券,评级机构认为其发行人可能不会履行偿还债务的承诺。事实上,已经不履行偿债承诺的发行人才会获得最低的评级D。

晨星公司对美国债券基金的信用素质作了以下归类。

高信用素质:其投资组合的平均信用等级为AAA或者AA。

中等信用素质:其投资组合的平均信用等级在AA以下,BBB及其以上。

低信用素质:其投资组合的平均信用等级在BBB以下。

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