Knowledge List
什么是保本基金

什么是保本基金?这是近来许多国内投资人关注的话题。我们将主要结合境外保本基金的状况进行介绍。

保本基金的最大特点是其招募说明书中明确规定相关的担保条款,即在满足一定的持有期限后,为投资人提供本金或收益的保障。

过去几年,随着全球利率急速下调、主要股市表现不佳,境外投资人开始注重资产的安全性,而不再狂热地追逐高风险高收益。于是,保本基金吸引了许多投资者的视线,美国、香港等成熟市场均出现了大量资金流入保本基金的势态。

境外的保本基金形式多样。其中,基金提供的保证有本金保证、收益保证和红利保证,具体比例由基金公司自行规定。一般本金保证比例为100%,但也有低于100%或高于100%的情况。如香港的骏立平衡保证基金112,其本金保证比例是112%;而恒生90%保本港股基金的本金保证比例是90%。至于是否提供收益保证和红利保证,则各基金情况不同。通常保本基金有担保人,为投资人提供到期后获得本金和收益的保障。

因此,对于看重资产安全性的投资人,保本基金确实有很强的吸引力。此外,还应关注以下事项。

首先,保本基金有保本周期。与国内基金相比,境外基金的保本周期比较长。在美国,平均保本周期为7年。在香港,前几年的保本周期约4-5年,近期很多保本基金的保本周期长至10年,但附加了在4年或5年期末可赎回的机会。通常投资人必须在一段较短的期限内买入基金,而在保本周期到期日之前不享有保证承诺的权利。如果投资人在到期日前急需资金,不得不取出保本基金的投资,其本金和收益将不能得到保证;倘若当时市场行情不好,提前赎回就可能造成亏损。当然,上述情况不一定会发生,但投资人需要周全地考虑。

其次,"保本"性质一定程度上限制了基金收益的上升空间。保本基金的投资通常分为保本资产和收益资产两部分。在境外,为实现到期日保证金额的保本资产部分采取"消极投资",通常投资于零息债券等政府债券、信用等级较高的债券或大额定期存单,在期限相当于保本周期,到期金额为保本金额。收益资产部分则进行"积极投资",投向股票或期权、期货等金融衍生工具。因为保本基金中债券的比例较高,其收益上升空间有一定限制。保本资产部分越大,积极投资部分比重越小,额外收益的空间也越小。

最后,应仔细考察保本基金的费用。其中,支付给担保人的保证费用究竟是由基金资产支付还是由基金管理人自行支付,需要重点关注。

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